Noise

Noise is any unwanted electrical signal or interference that corrupts or distorts the desired signal in an electronic circuit or system. It can originate from external sources like electromagnetic interference (EMI), radio frequencies, or power lines, or from internal sources like thermal fluctuations in components and switching circuits. Noise appears as random variations in voltage or current that can degrade signal quality, reduce measurement accuracy, and cause malfunctions in sensitive electronic devices. Engineers use various techniques like filtering, shielding, and proper grounding to minimize noise and improve signal-to-noise ratio.