Glossary

3.3V logic is a digital signaling standard where logic HIGH is represented by approximately 3.3 volts and logic LOW is represented by 0 volts (ground)...

433MHz and 915MHz are radio frequency bands commonly used for short-range wireless communication in electronic devices and IoT applications. These fre...

5V logic is a digital signaling standard where logical high (1) is represented by approximately 5 volts and logical low (0) is represented by 0 volts ...

Absolute Maximum Ratings are the extreme operating conditions specified by manufacturers that electronic components can withstand without permanent da...

An accelerometer is a sensor that measures acceleration forces acting on an object in one or more axes (X, Y, and Z directions). It detects changes in...

An actuator is a mechanical or electromechanical device that converts electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic energy into physical motion or force. It ser...

Amplification is the process of increasing the magnitude of an electrical signal, typically voltage, current, or power. This is accomplished using act...

Alternating current (AC) is a type of electrical current where the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction, typically in a sinusoidal ...

An amplifier is an electronic circuit or device that increases the amplitude (strength) of an input signal, producing a larger output signal while pre...

An analog input is a pin or channel on a microcontroller, development board, or data acquisition system that can read continuously variable voltage si...

An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is an electronic circuit that converts continuous analog signals into discrete digital values that can be process...

AND/OR/NOT are the three fundamental logic gates that form the building blocks of digital circuits and computer systems. AND gates output HIGH only wh...

An antenna is a conductive structure designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves, converting electrical signals into radio waves and vice ve...

An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of rules, protocols, and tools that allows different software applications or hardware components ...

An Arduino is an open-source microcontroller platform consisting of a programmable circuit board and development environment used for creating interac...

An ARM Cortex is a family of processor cores designed by ARM Holdings that implement the ARM architecture for embedded systems and mobile devices. The...

Attenuation is the reduction in strength, amplitude, or intensity of a signal as it travels through a medium or circuit. It occurs naturally in transm...

An audio jack is a cylindrical connector socket designed to receive audio plugs for transmitting analog audio signals. It provides a standardized inte...

AVR is a family of 8-bit microcontrollers developed by Atmel (now part of Microchip Technology) that uses a modified Harvard architecture with separat...

A banana plug is a single-wire electrical connector commonly used in test equipment, audio systems, and laboratory applications. It features a cylindr...

Bandwidth is the range of frequencies that a signal can occupy or that a system can effectively process, typically measured in Hertz (Hz). In analog c...

A barrel jack is a cylindrical electrical connector commonly used for low-voltage DC power connections in electronic devices. It consists of a hollow ...

A Battery Management System (BMS) is an electronic control circuit that monitors and manages rechargeable battery packs to ensure safe and optimal ope...

A battery protection circuit is an electronic safety system that monitors and controls battery charging and discharging to prevent damage or hazardous...

Baud rate is the number of signal changes or symbols transmitted per second in a communication channel. In digital communications, it often correspond...

A bench power supply is a laboratory-grade electronic device that provides stable, adjustable DC voltage and current to power circuits and electronic ...

A Bill of Materials (BOM) is a comprehensive list of all components, parts, materials, and quantities required to manufacture or assemble an electroni...

A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal semiconductor device used for switching and amplification in electronic circuits. It consists ...

Bit depth is the number of bits used to represent each sample or pixel in a digital signal or image. In audio, it determines the dynamic range and sig...

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication protocol that enables devices to exchange data over distances typically up to 30 feet (10 meters). I...

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a wireless communication protocol designed for short-range data transmission with minimal power consumption. It operates...

A BNC connector is a type of coaxial cable connector commonly used for RF (radio frequency) and video signal transmission. It features a bayonet coupl...

A boost converter is a type of DC-DC switching power supply that steps up (increases) an input voltage to a higher output voltage. It uses an inductor...

A bootloader is a small program stored in a microcontroller's memory that runs first when the device powers up or resets. It is responsible for initia...

A breadboard is a reusable construction base used for building temporary electronic circuits without soldering. It consists of a plastic board with a ...

A breakout board is a small printed circuit board that makes the pins of a complex integrated circuit or connector more accessible for prototyping and...

A brushless motor is an electric motor that uses electronic switching instead of physical brushes to control the current flow to the rotor windings. I...

A buck converter is a type of DC-DC switching power supply that steps down (reduces) an input voltage to a lower output voltage with high efficiency. ...

A buck-boost converter is a DC-to-DC power converter that can either step up (boost) or step down (buck) an input voltage to produce a regulated outpu...

A buffer is an electronic circuit that amplifies or isolates signals without changing their logic state or waveform shape. It provides high input impe...

A bypass capacitor is a capacitor placed in parallel with a power supply or active component to provide a low-impedance path for high-frequency AC sig...

A C-Rate is a measurement that expresses the rate at which a battery is charged or discharged relative to its maximum capacity. It is calculated as th...

Cable management is the practice of organizing, routing, and securing electrical cables and wires in an orderly and accessible manner within electroni...

A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field between two conductive plates separated by an insulat...

Cell balancing is a process used in multi-cell battery packs to ensure all individual cells maintain equal voltage and state of charge during charging...

A charge controller is an electronic device that regulates the flow of electrical current from a power source (like solar panels or wind turbines) to ...

Clamping is a circuit protection technique that limits voltage or current to safe levels by restricting signals to stay within predetermined upper and...

Clipping is a form of signal distortion that occurs when an amplifier or circuit is driven beyond its maximum output capability, causing the peaks of ...

A common ground is a shared reference point or connection in an electrical circuit where multiple components connect to the same ground potential, typ...

A semiconductor fabrication technology that uses pairs of complementary p-type and n-type MOSFETs to create logic gates and digital circuits. CMOS tec...

A crimping tool is a specialized hand tool used to mechanically join two pieces of metal or other materials by deforming one or both of them to hold t...

Crosstalk is unwanted electromagnetic interference that occurs when a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel creates an undesired effect on anot...

Current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in amperes (A). It represents the amount of electrical charge that passes through...

Current limiting is a protective technique used to restrict the maximum amount of electrical current that can flow through a circuit or component. It ...

A current rating is the maximum amount of electrical current that a component, device, or conductor can safely handle under specified conditions witho...

A datasheet is a technical document provided by component manufacturers that contains detailed specifications, electrical characteristics, and operati...

A DC motor is an electric motor that converts direct current (DC) electrical energy into rotational mechanical motion. It operates using the interacti...

Debouncing is a technique used to eliminate unwanted electrical noise or multiple signal transitions that occur when mechanical switches or buttons ar...

A debugger is a software tool used to test, analyze, and troubleshoot programs or firmware running on microcontrollers and embedded systems. It allows...

A decoupling capacitor is a capacitor placed close to an integrated circuit or other active component to provide a local reservoir of electrical charg...

A desoldering pump is a handheld tool used to remove molten solder from electronic components and circuit boards. It works by creating a vacuum suctio...

A development board is a printed circuit board designed to help engineers and makers prototype, test, and develop electronic projects. It typically in...

Digital input/output (I/O) refers to electronic interfaces that handle binary signals representing only two distinct states: high (logic 1) or low (lo...

A digital multimeter (DMM) is a versatile electronic test instrument that measures multiple electrical parameters including voltage, current, and resi...

A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is an electronic circuit that converts digital signals (binary data) into analog signals (continuous voltage or cu...

A DIN rail is a standardized metal rail system used for mounting electrical and electronic equipment in control panels, distribution boards, and indus...

A diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device that allows electric current to flow in only one direction while blocking it in the opposite direction....

Direct Current (DC) is a type of electrical current that flows continuously in one direction through a circuit. Unlike alternating current (AC), DC ma...

A Dupont connector is a type of crimp-style electrical connector commonly used in electronics prototyping and low-voltage applications. It consists of...

A duty cycle is the percentage of time that a periodic signal is in its active or 'on' state during one complete cycle. It is calculated as the ratio ...

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory that retains data even when power is removed and can be ...

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is unwanted electromagnetic energy that disrupts the normal operation of electronic devices and circuits. It occurs...

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is the sudden flow of electricity between two objects at different electrical potentials, typically caused by the buildu...

An enclosure is a protective housing or case that contains and shields electronic components, circuits, or complete systems from environmental factors...

An encoder is a sensor device that converts mechanical motion (rotation or linear movement) into electrical signals that can be read by microcontrolle...

An ESD mat is an anti-static work surface made from conductive or dissipative materials designed to safely discharge electrostatic buildup. It provide...

An ESD wrist strap is a safety device worn around the wrist that prevents electrostatic discharge damage to sensitive electronic components. It consis...

An ESP32 is a low-cost, low-power microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, developed by Espressif Systems. It features a dual...

The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microcontroller chip developed by Espressif Systems. It combines a 32-bit microprocessor with built-in Wi-Fi capabilit...

A falling edge is the transition of a digital signal from a high voltage level (logic 1) to a low voltage level (logic 0). This downward transition oc...

A Field Effect Transistor (FET) is a semiconductor device that controls current flow between two terminals (source and drain) using an electric field ...

Filtering is the process of selectively allowing or blocking specific frequency components of an electrical signal while attenuating others. It is com...

Firmware is low-level software that is permanently stored in non-volatile memory (like flash memory or ROM) and provides the basic operational instruc...

Flash memory is a type of non-volatile electronic storage that retains data even when power is removed. It uses floating-gate transistors to store ele...

A flip-flop is a fundamental digital circuit that can store one bit of binary information (0 or 1) and maintain that state until deliberately changed ...

Flush cutters are specialized pliers designed to cut wires, component leads, and other materials as close to a surface as possible, leaving minimal pr...

Flux is a chemical cleaning agent used in soldering to remove oxidation and impurities from metal surfaces, ensuring proper solder joint formation. It...

A flyback diode is a protective diode connected in parallel with an inductive load (like a relay, motor, or solenoid) to suppress voltage spikes when ...

A footprint is the physical layout pattern that defines how an electronic component connects to a printed circuit board (PCB). It specifies the exact ...

A Force Sensitive Resistor (FSR) is a variable resistor that changes its resistance based on the amount of physical force or pressure applied to its s...

Frequency is the number of complete cycles or oscillations that occur in a periodic signal within a specific time period, typically measured in Hertz ...

A function generator is an electronic test instrument that produces various types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. It can gen...

A fuse is a protective electrical component designed to interrupt current flow when it exceeds a predetermined safe level. It contains a thin metal wi...

Gain is the ratio of output signal amplitude to input signal amplitude in an electronic circuit or system, typically expressed as a multiplier or in d...

A gas sensor is an electronic device that detects the presence and concentration of specific gases in the environment. It converts chemical informatio...

A gateway is a network device that acts as a bridge between two different networks or communication protocols. It translates data formats, protocols, ...

A GPIO is a configurable pin on a microcontroller or single-board computer that can be programmed to either read digital input signals or output digit...

Gerber files are the standard file format used to describe the layers of a printed circuit board (PCB) for manufacturing. These files contain precise ...

A grommet is a protective ring or eyelet made of rubber, plastic, or metal that is inserted into holes in panels, enclosures, or chassis. It prevents ...

A ground plane is a large conductive area on a printed circuit board (PCB) that serves as a common reference point for electrical circuits, typically ...

Ground (GND) is a reference point in an electrical circuit that serves as a common return path for electric current and is defined as having zero volt...

A gyroscope is a sensor that measures angular velocity and rotational motion around one or more axes. It detects changes in orientation by measuring t...

An H-Bridge is a circuit topology that uses four switches (typically transistors or MOSFETs) arranged in an H-shaped configuration to control the dire...

A Hall Effect sensor is a transducer that detects the presence and strength of magnetic fields by measuring the voltage difference created when curren...

A HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) is a standardized add-on board designed specifically for Raspberry Pi single-board computers. It connects directly to...

Header pins are rows of male or female connector pins that provide temporary or semi-permanent electrical connections between circuit boards, modules,...

A heat gun is a handheld electric tool that produces a controlled stream of hot air, typically ranging from 100°C to 650°C (200°F to 1200°F). It funct...

A heat sink is a passive thermal management component designed to dissipate heat away from electronic components or circuits. It typically consists of...

Helping Hands are adjustable workbench tools consisting of weighted bases with flexible metal arms that end in alligator clips or other gripping mecha...

HIGH/LOW refers to the two logic states in digital electronics, representing binary values 1 and 0 respectively. HIGH typically corresponds to a volta...

A hot air station is a soldering tool that uses a stream of heated air to melt solder and remove or install electronic components. It consists of a co...

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (HTTP Secure) are communication protocols used for transmitting data between web servers and clients over...

A humidity sensor is an electronic device that measures the amount of water vapor present in the air, typically expressed as relative humidity percent...

Impedance is the total opposition to alternating current (AC) flow in an electrical circuit, measured in ohms (Ω). Unlike resistance which only oppose...

Impedance matching is the practice of designing circuit connections so that the output impedance of one component equals the input impedance of the ne...

An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. It consists of a coil of ...

An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is a sensor module that measures and reports a body's specific force, angular rate, and orientation using a combina...

An integrated circuit (IC) is a semiconductor device that contains multiple electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors fabri...

An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a comprehensive software application that provides a unified interface for writing, testing, and debugg...

Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) is a synchronous serial communication protocol that allows multiple devices to communicate over just two wires: a data ...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity capabilities that enabl...

An interrupt is a signal that temporarily halts a microprocessor's current execution to handle a more urgent task or event. When an interrupt occurs, ...

An IP Rating (Ingress Protection Rating) is a standardized classification system that indicates how well an electronic device or enclosure is protecte...

An IR sensor is an electronic device that detects infrared radiation in its surrounding environment. It can either emit infrared light and measure ref...

A JST connector is a type of small, lightweight electrical connector manufactured by Japan Solderless Terminal (JST) company, commonly used in electro...

A Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) is a three-terminal semiconductor device that controls current flow through a channel using an electric fiel...

A lead-free component is an electronic part or solder that contains no lead (Pb) or contains lead below regulated threshold levels, typically less tha...

Level shifting is the process of converting digital signals from one voltage level to another to ensure compatibility between circuits operating at di...

A Li-ion (lithium-ion) battery is a rechargeable energy storage device that uses lithium ions moving between positive and negative electrodes to gener...

A library is a collection of pre-written code, functions, or modules that provides specific functionality for hardware or software development. It con...

A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light through electroluminescence. When forward c...

A linear regulator is a voltage regulation circuit that maintains a constant output voltage by continuously adjusting its internal resistance to drop ...

A Lithium Polymer (LiPo) battery is a rechargeable battery that uses a polymer electrolyte instead of liquid electrolyte found in traditional lithium-...

A load is any component, device, or circuit that consumes electrical power from a source. It provides resistance or impedance to current flow, convert...

A load cell is a transducer that converts mechanical force or weight into an electrical signal, typically using strain gauges arranged in a Wheatstone...

A logic analyzer is a digital test instrument that captures, displays, and analyzes multiple digital signals simultaneously over time. It connects to ...

A logic gate is a fundamental digital circuit component that performs basic logical operations on one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary...

A logic level is a specific voltage range that represents digital states (typically HIGH/1 and LOW/0) in digital circuits and microcontrollers. Common...

LoRa (Long Range) is a low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN) wireless communication protocol designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It ena...

LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is a low-power, long-range wireless communication protocol designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. ...

A Low Dropout Regulator (LDO) is a linear voltage regulator that can maintain a stable output voltage even when the input voltage is only slightly hig...

A magnetometer is a sensor that measures the strength and direction of magnetic fields in its surrounding environment. It detects variations in Earth'...

MISO (Master In Slave Out) is a signal line in Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) communication that carries data from a slave device to the master dev...

MOSI (Master Out Slave In) is a signal line in the SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) communication protocol that carries data from the master device t...

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a control algorithm used in solar charge controllers and inverters to extract the maximum available power from ...

A mesh network is a distributed network topology where multiple nodes (devices) connect directly to each other, creating redundant pathways for data t...

MQTT is a lightweight, publish-subscribe messaging protocol designed for communication between devices in IoT and embedded systems. It operates over T...

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit that combines a CPU, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip, designed to control spec...

A microcontroller unit (MCU) is a compact integrated circuit that combines a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals on a si...

A microphone is a transducer that converts sound waves (acoustic energy) into electrical signals. It works by using a diaphragm that vibrates in respo...

Milliamp hours (mAh) are a unit of measurement for electric charge capacity, representing how much current a battery can deliver over time. One millia...

A MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) is a type of transistor that acts as an electronically controlled switch or amplifier. It...

A motor driver is an electronic circuit or IC that controls the power delivered to electric motors, acting as an interface between low-power control s...

A mounting hole is a precisely positioned hole in a printed circuit board (PCB) or electronic component designed to secure the board to an enclosure, ...

A multimeter is a versatile electronic test instrument that measures multiple electrical quantities in a single device. It can measure voltage (AC and...

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless communication technology that enables data exchange between devices when they are brought wit...

Needle-nose pliers are a hand tool with long, tapered jaws that come to a narrow point at the tip. They are designed for gripping, bending, and manipu...

A Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) is a property of materials where electrical resistance decreases as temperature increases. NTC thermistors ar...

A rechargeable battery technology that uses a nickel oxide hydroxide positive electrode and a hydrogen-absorbing negative electrode made from metal al...

Noise is any unwanted electrical signal or interference that corrupts or distorts the desired signal in an electronic circuit or system. It can origin...

Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electronics that describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit....

An op-amp is a high-gain, differential voltage amplifier with very high input impedance and very low output impedance. It amplifies the voltage differ...

An open circuit is an electrical circuit that has a break or gap in the conductive path, preventing current from flowing through it. This can occur in...

Operating temperature is the range of ambient temperatures within which an electronic component, device, or system can function properly and safely. I...

Optoisolation is a method of electrical isolation that uses light to transfer signals between circuits while maintaining complete electrical separatio...

An oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument that displays voltage signals as waveforms on a screen, showing how electrical signals change over ti...

A package type is the physical form factor and housing style of an electronic component, such as an integrated circuit, resistor, or capacitor. It def...

A packet is a formatted unit of data transmitted over a network or communication channel. It contains both the actual data payload and control informa...

A pad is a designated copper area on a printed circuit board (PCB) where electronic components are soldered or connected. Pads provide electrical cont...

A parallel circuit is an electrical circuit where components are connected alongside each other, creating multiple paths for current to flow. In this ...

A perfboard (or protoboard) is a pre-drilled circuit board with a regular grid of holes used for prototyping electronic circuits. It allows components...

A pH sensor is an electronic device that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution by detecting hydrogen ion concentration. It typically consis...

A Phoenix connector is a type of screw terminal block connector commonly used in industrial and automation applications for secure wire connections. I...

A photoresistor (LDR - Light Dependent Resistor) is a passive electronic component whose resistance changes inversely with the amount of light falling...

A pin header is a rectangular connector consisting of a row or grid of metal pins protruding from a plastic base, commonly used to create removable co...

Pin mapping is the process of defining and documenting which physical pins on a microcontroller, development board, or integrated circuit correspond t...

A pinout is a diagram or specification that shows the arrangement and function of each pin or connection point on an electronic component, connector, ...

A PIR sensor is a motion detection device that uses infrared radiation to detect changes in heat signatures within its field of view. It works by meas...

Pitch is the center-to-center distance between adjacent pins, leads, or components in electronic circuits and PCB layouts. It is typically measured in...

A Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) is a property of materials where electrical resistance increases as temperature rises. PTC thermistors and de...

A potentiometer is a three-terminal variable resistor that allows manual adjustment of resistance values by turning a knob or sliding a control. It co...

A power rating is the maximum amount of electrical power that a component or device can safely handle without damage or failure. It specifies the cont...

A power supply is an electronic device that converts electrical energy from one form to another to provide the correct voltage, current, and frequency...

A pressure sensor is an electronic device that detects and measures the force per unit area applied by gases or liquids and converts this physical pre...

A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is a flat board made of insulating material with conductive copper traces etched or printed onto its surface to create e...

A programmer is a hardware device used to write data, firmware, or configuration settings into programmable electronic components such as microcontrol...

A proximity sensor is an electronic device that detects the presence or absence of nearby objects without physical contact. It works by emitting elect...

A pull-down resistor is a resistor connected between a digital input pin and ground (0V) to ensure the pin reads a logic LOW state when no other signa...

A pull-up resistor is a resistor connected between a digital input pin and a positive voltage supply (typically VCC or 3.3V/5V) to establish a default...

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a digital technique that controls the average power delivered to a load by rapidly switching a signal on and off at a ...

Radio Frequency (RF) refers to electromagnetic waves with frequencies typically ranging from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, used for wireless communication and sig...

A Raspberry Pi is a small, affordable single-board computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. It features a complete computing system on a sin...

Reactance is the opposition to alternating current (AC) flow in a circuit caused by capacitors and inductors, measured in ohms. Unlike resistance whic...

A Real-Time Clock (RTC) is a specialized integrated circuit that keeps track of current time and date even when the main system power is off. It typic...

Receive (RX) refers to the process or capability of accepting and processing incoming data, signals, or communications in electronic systems. It is co...

Recommended Operating Conditions are the specified ranges of environmental and electrical parameters under which a component or device should operate ...

A reflow oven is a specialized heating device used in electronics manufacturing to solder surface-mount components to printed circuit boards (PCBs). I...

Reflow soldering is a surface-mount technology (SMT) assembly process that uses controlled heat to melt solder paste and permanently attach electronic...

A register is a small, high-speed storage location within a microprocessor or digital circuit that temporarily holds data, addresses, or control infor...

A relay is an electrically operated switch that uses an electromagnet to mechanically open or close contacts, allowing a low-power control signal to s...

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current through a material or component, measured in ohms (Ω). It determines how much current wil...

A resistor is a passive electronic component that limits or controls the flow of electrical current in a circuit by providing resistance. It converts ...

A REST API (Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface) is a web-based communication protocol that allows different software ap...

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) is a European Union directive that restricts the use of specific hazardous materials in electrical and ...

A rising edge is a transition in a digital signal from a low logic level (typically 0V) to a high logic level (typically 3.3V or 5V). It represents th...

RJ45 is a standardized connector type commonly used for Ethernet networking cables and telecommunications applications. It features 8 pins arranged in...

A sample rate is the frequency at which an analog signal is measured and converted to digital data, typically expressed in samples per second or Hertz...

A schematic is a standardized diagram that uses symbols to represent electronic components and lines to show their electrical connections in a circuit...

A screw terminal is a type of electrical connector that uses screws to secure wire connections. It consists of a metal contact with a threaded screw m...

A sensor is an electronic device that detects and measures physical properties from the environment and converts them into electrical signals that can...

A Serial Clock (SCK) is a timing signal used in synchronous serial communication protocols to coordinate data transmission between devices. It provide...

A synchronous serial communication protocol that enables a microcontroller to communicate with one or more peripheral devices using four signal lines:...

A series circuit is an electrical circuit where components are connected end-to-end in a single path, so current flows through each component sequenti...

A servo motor is a rotary actuator that provides precise control of angular position, velocity, and acceleration through a closed-loop feedback system...

A shield is a protective barrier or enclosure made of conductive material that blocks electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interfere...

A shift register is a digital circuit that stores and moves binary data bits in a sequential, cascaded manner. It consists of a chain of flip-flops wh...

A short circuit is an unintended low-resistance path between two points in an electrical circuit that bypasses the normal load. This causes excessive ...

A signal is a time-varying electrical quantity (voltage, current, or electromagnetic wave) that carries information or data between components in an e...

A signal generator is an electronic test instrument that produces precise electrical waveforms with controllable frequency, amplitude, and shape. It c...

A silkscreen is the printed text and symbols layer on a printed circuit board (PCB) that provides component labels, reference designators, and other i...

A sketch is the source code file that contains the program written for Arduino microcontrollers and similar development boards. It consists of C/C++ c...

A socket is a female connector or receptacle designed to receive and make electrical contact with a corresponding male connector, component, or plug. ...

A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells, typically made from silicon semiconductors....

Solder is a fusible metal alloy used to create permanent electrical and mechanical connections between electronic components and circuit boards. It ty...

A solder mask is a thin protective layer applied to printed circuit boards (PCBs) that covers the copper traces while leaving exposed areas where comp...

A solder sucker is a handheld desoldering tool used to remove molten solder from electronic components and circuit boards. It consists of a spring-loa...

Solder wick (also called desoldering braid) is a flat, braided copper wire coated with rosin flux used to remove excess solder from electronic compone...

A soldering iron is a hand tool used to heat and melt solder for joining electronic components to circuit boards or connecting wires together. It cons...

A soldering station is a complete electronic tool system designed for precision soldering and desoldering of electronic components. It typically consi...

A solenoid is an electromagnetic coil of wire that creates a magnetic field when current flows through it, typically used to produce linear mechanical...

A speaker is an electroacoustic transducer that converts electrical audio signals into sound waves by moving air through mechanical vibration. It typi...

SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory that retains data as long as power is supplied, without needing to be refreshed. Unlik...

A standoff is a threaded mechanical fastener used to create a fixed gap or spacing between two components, typically circuit boards and enclosures. It...

A stepper motor is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps, typically 200 steps per revolution (1.8° p...

An STM32 is a family of 32-bit ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers manufactured by STMicroelectronics. These microcontrollers are widely used in embedded sy...

Storage temperature is the range of ambient temperatures at which an electronic component or device can be safely stored without power applied while m...

A strain gauge is a precision sensor that measures mechanical deformation or strain in materials by detecting changes in electrical resistance. When t...

A strain relief is a protective component designed to prevent mechanical stress and damage to cables, wires, or connectors at connection points. It pr...

A Surface Mount Device (SMD) is an electronic component designed to be mounted directly onto the surface of a printed circuit board (PCB) without usin...

Surface Mount Technology (SMT) is a method of mounting electronic components directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs) without using ...

A switch is an electrical component that controls the flow of current in a circuit by opening or closing electrical contacts. When closed, it provides...

A switching regulator is a type of voltage regulator that uses high-frequency switching of transistors or MOSFETs to efficiently convert one DC voltag...

A temperature sensor is an electronic device that measures ambient or surface temperature and converts it into an electrical signal. It works by detec...

A terminal block is a modular connector that provides secure connection points for multiple wires or cables in electrical circuits. It consists of a p...

Thermal paste is a thermally conductive compound applied between a heat-generating component (like a CPU or GPU) and its heat sink to improve heat tra...

Thermal resistance is a measure of how much a material or component opposes the flow of heat through it, expressed in degrees Celsius per watt (°C/W)....

A thermistor is a temperature-sensitive resistor whose resistance changes significantly with temperature variations. Unlike standard resistors, thermi...

A third hand is a mechanical workstation tool consisting of adjustable clips or clamps mounted on flexible arms attached to a weighted base. It holds ...

A through-hole is a plated hole that passes completely through a printed circuit board (PCB) from one side to the other. It serves as both a mounting ...

A timer is an electronic component or circuit that generates time delays, pulses, or periodic signals with precise timing control. It can operate in v...

A tolerance is the allowable deviation or range of variation from a specified nominal value in electronic components or measurements. It indicates how...

A trace is a thin conductive path, typically made of copper, that connects electronic components on a printed circuit board (PCB). It functions as a w...

A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that can amplify electrical signals or act as an electronic switch. It controls the flow of curr...

Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) is a digital logic family that uses bipolar junction transistors to implement logic gates and digital circuits. TTL ...

Transmit (TX) is the process of sending data, signals, or information from one device or system to another through a communication medium. In electron...

A tri-state is a digital logic output that can exist in three distinct states: high (1), low (0), and high-impedance (Z or floating). In the high-impe...

Tweezers are precision hand tools consisting of two thin, flexible arms joined at one end, used for gripping and manipulating small objects with fine ...

An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that uses high-frequency sound waves (typically above 20 kHz) to measure distance, detect objects, or det...

A UART is a hardware communication interface that converts parallel data from a computer or microcontroller into serial data for transmission, and vic...

A standardized interface protocol and physical connector system designed for connecting peripheral devices to computers and other host devices. USB en...

A varistor is a voltage-dependent resistor that changes its resistance based on the applied voltage across it. At normal operating voltages, it has hi...

A via is a small conductive hole that passes through one or more layers of a printed circuit board (PCB) to create electrical connections between diff...

Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V). It represents the force or pressure that pushes...

A voltage divider is a simple circuit consisting of two or more resistors connected in series that produces an output voltage that is a fraction of th...

A voltage rating is the maximum voltage that an electronic component can safely handle without being damaged or failing. It represents the upper limit...

A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit or component that maintains a constant output voltage regardless of variations in input voltage or load c...

W is the symbol for watt, the standard unit of electrical power in the International System of Units (SI). It measures the rate at which electrical en...

A watchdog timer is a hardware or software component that monitors system operation and automatically resets or restarts a device if it becomes unresp...

Watt hours are a unit of energy that measures the total amount of electrical energy consumed or stored over time. It represents the product of power (...

Wave soldering is an automated soldering process used in electronics manufacturing where a printed circuit board (PCB) is passed over a wave of molten...

A WebSocket is a communication protocol that enables full-duplex, real-time data exchange between a client (like a web browser or microcontroller) and...

WiFi is a wireless networking technology that allows electronic devices to connect to the internet and communicate with each other using radio waves i...

A wire stripper is a hand tool designed to remove the insulation from electrical wires without damaging the underlying conductor. It features speciall...

A wire wrapping tool is a specialized hand tool used to create secure electrical connections by tightly wrapping thin insulated wire around square or ...

Zigbee is a low-power, short-range wireless communication protocol designed for Internet of Things (IoT) and smart home applications. It operates in t...