Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a digital technique that controls the average power delivered to a load by rapidly switching a signal on and off at a fixed frequency while varying the duration (width) of the on-time pulses. The duty cycle, expressed as a percentage, represents the ratio of on-time to the total period - a 50% duty cycle means the signal is on half the time and off half the time. PWM is commonly used to control motor speeds, LED brightness, servo positions, and simulate analog voltages using digital outputs.